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| 409 BC |
| | | A Carthaginian army lands near Marsala to begin the long involvement of Carthage in Sicily | |
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| 396 BC |
| | | The Romans capture the nearby Etruscan town of Veii, beginning a long process of territorial expansion | |
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| 335 BC |
| | | Before departing for the east, Alexander destroys Thebes and enslaves the Thebans for rebelling against the League of Corinth | |
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| 332 BC |
| | | While in Egypt, Alexander founds Alexandria – the best known of the many towns he establishes to spread Greek culture | |
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| 331 BC |
| | | Moving northeast into Mesopotamia, Alexander again defeats Darius III (at Gaugamela), leaving Persia open to his advances | |
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| 327 BC |
| | | Alexander takes a major new step, leaving Persian territory and moving through the mountain passes into India | |
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| c. 320 BC |
| | | Ptolemy begins to transform Alexandria into a centre of Greek culture, founding his famous 'museum' and library | |
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| 301 BC |
| | | Some 20 years after the death of Alexander the Great one of his generals, Ptolemy, extends his rule from Egypt to include Jerusalem | |
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| 281 BC |
| | | Pyrrhus lands in Italy, with 25,000 men and 20 elephants, to fight for the Greek colony of Tarentum against the Romans | |
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| 241 BC |
| | | At the end of the First Punic War, Sicily becomes Rome's first overseas province | |
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